en عمومى General مروری Review article <div style="border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left:none; border-right:none; padding:1.0pt 0in 1.0pt 0in"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:10.5pt">Background and Aims: </span></b><span style="font-size:10.5pt">Canine herpesvirus type 1 (CHV-1), belongs to the <i>Varicellovirus</i> genus within the <i>Alphaherpesvirinae</i> subfamily of the Herpesviridae family.&nbsp;It causes severe disease in neonatal canines, often resulting in death, but can also lead to reproductive issues in adult canines.&nbsp;The virus is primarily transmitted through oronasal exposure during birth, but can also spread through venereal and transplacental routes.&nbsp;CHV-1 establishes a latent carrier state after infection, predominantly found in ganglia, salivary glands, tonsils, and hepatic tissue.&nbsp;Reactivation can occur due to stress or immunosuppression.&nbsp;The virus induces a weak immune response, resulting in variable antibody levels.&nbsp;Canine herpesvirus type 1 has a worldwide distribution and is prevalent in large-scale breeding kennels with a history of neonatal infections. In adult canines, CHV-1 can cause ocular manifestations, ranging from eyelid and conjunctival inflammation to corneal conditions.&nbsp;The disease can manifest bilaterally or asymmetrically between eyes, with severity influenced by age and immune status.&nbsp;While primary ocular infections are subclinical or mild in healthy dogs, they can worsen in immunosuppressed individuals.&nbsp;Symptoms include blepharospasm, photophobia, ocular discharge, and corneal lesions like keratitis. Studies have shown varying seroprevalence rates of CHV-1 among canine populations across different regions, with factors like age, gender, and housing conditions influencing antibody titers.&nbsp;In neonatal canines, CHV-1 can led to fatal systemic disease with clinical signs like rapid respiration and abdominal discomfort.&nbsp;Maternal infection during gestation can result in fetal loss or other adverse outcomes.&nbsp;Maternal antibodies from seropositive dams provide protective immunity to puppies. Various diagnostic methods like PCR, serology, and histopathology are used to confirm CHV-1 infection, with some cases showing active viremia in blood and other samples.&nbsp;Reactivation of latent infection can occur in adult dogs under certain conditions, leading to clinical disease.&nbsp;These findings highlight the importance of monitoring and managing CHV-1 infections in canine populations to prevent disease spread and adverse outcomes.</span></span></span></span></div> Canine herpesvirus-1, (CHV-1), Reproductive effects, Ocular lesions, Prevalence, Latent infection 43 52 http://journal.isv.org.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-360-1&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Mohammadreza Ghorani 10031947532846007989 10031947532846007989 No Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. Amir Mohammad Naghshe Javaheri amirjavaheridvm@gmail.com 10031947532846007990 10031947532846007990 No Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. Mahdiye Shirafkan 10031947532846007991 10031947532846007991 Yes Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.