@article{ author = {Shafaati, Mohammad Reza and Akhavan, Elnaz and Yazdani, Shahram and Mobini, Saeed and Ebadi, Mostaf}, title = {Qualitative-based Multiplex PCR: Diagnosis of Papilloma virus Types 16 & 18 in Samples Taken from Patients with Malignant Lesions}, abstract ={Abstract Background and Aims: The human papilloma virus was introduced as the major etiological agent in outbreak of cervical cancer in 1970. Since it is very difficult to recognize these viruses and their types using the serological tests and cell culture, molecular methods such as PCR are of great importance. Therefore, in this study, our goal was to use a multiple specific PCR assay on L1 and E6 genes of HPV for molecular detection of this virus and its common type’s detection in the society. Materials and Methods: After collecting the samples from malignant lesions of various patients, the viral DNA was extracted from paraffin blocks of 50 clinical samples and the PCR method was performed on the mentioned samples by specific primers for L1 and E6 genes together with β-globin (as internal control). The PCR product was analyzed on 2℅ agarose gel and the sensitivity of this test was examined. Results: from among 50 samples of the patients, 33 cases were HPV positive and 17 ones were negative. The sensitivity of this test was 20 copies from recombinant construct containing target genes for each reaction. Conclusion: this study confirmed that the designed PCR with specific primers on L1 and E6 genes of HPV proved to be an accurate method for detecting and determining the HPV types.}, Keywords = {Cancer of cervix, Human Papilloma Virus, PCR}, volume = {9}, Number = {1}, pages = {13-20}, publisher = {Iranian Society for Virology}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.21859/isv.9.1.13}, url = {http://journal.isv.org.ir/article-1-220-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.isv.org.ir/article-1-220-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Virology}, issn = {1735-5680}, eissn = {2588-5030}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Sadeghi, Farzin and Hajiahmadi, Mahmoud and Abdollahpour, Mohammad and Yahyapour, Yousef}, title = {Evaluation of Immunity against Rubella and Measles Nine Years after Mass Vaccination Program in Babol Medical Students in Iran}, abstract ={Abstract Background and Aims: Medical students are exposed to various infectious diseases during their clinical training period, including measles and rubella. In Iran, to control the outbreaks of measles and rubella a mass vaccination campaign was conducted on 2003. The present investigation evaluates Immunity to measles and rubella in a group of Babol medical students and determines the prevalence of medical students susceptible to these infections. Materials and Methods: A total of 191 medical students (preclinical and clinical) from College of Medicine and Health Sciences at Babol University of Medical Sciences enrolled in this cross-sectional study. IgG antibodies for measles and rubella was evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: A total of 60 (31.4%) students had insufficient measles immunity or were totally non-immune, whereas non-immune status to rubella was seen in 1 (0.5%) subject. Conclusion: This study showed insufficient measles immunity in a group of Babol medical students.}, Keywords = {Measles, Rubella, Immunity, Medical Students, Babol}, volume = {9}, Number = {1}, pages = {21-24}, publisher = {Iranian Society for Virology}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.21859/isv.9.1.21}, url = {http://journal.isv.org.ir/article-1-185-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.isv.org.ir/article-1-185-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Virology}, issn = {1735-5680}, eissn = {2588-5030}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Vamenani, Ramtin and Rahimian, H and Alavi, SM and Borhani, B}, title = {A Viroid Resembling Hop Stunt Viroid in Infected Apple Trees with Apple Scar Skin Disease in the Northeast of Iran}, abstract ={Abstract Background and Aims: Apple scar skin disease (ASSD) is one of the destructive diseases of pome fruits which is caused by ASSVd. Case presentation: We report molecular detection of ASSVd in symptomatic apples cv. Red Delicious with simultaneous presence of a new variant of HSVd from Khorasan Razavi province. Conclusion: This is the first report on the association of HSVd with ASSVd in apple trees showing merely symptoms of apple dapple on the fruit.}, Keywords = {Apple, Viroid, Hop stunt, Khorasan}, volume = {9}, Number = {1}, pages = {25-28}, publisher = {Iranian Society for Virology}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.21859/isv.9.1.25}, url = {http://journal.isv.org.ir/article-1-153-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.isv.org.ir/article-1-153-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Virology}, issn = {1735-5680}, eissn = {2588-5030}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Bagherian, Seyed Ali Akbar}, title = {Mixed infection of CTV and HSVd in yellow corky vein disease of Washington navel orange trees}, abstract ={Abstract Hop stunt viroid (HSVd) and Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) are the causal agents of most important diseases of citrus. Previously we reported a novel variant of HSVd that constantly associated with the yellow corky vein disease. Here, 19 individual citrus leaves with yellow corky vein symptoms were sampled for CTV by ELISA. In this study, most symptomatic samples were found to be infected with CTV. Therefore mixed infection of CTV and HSVd may be, involve in appearance of yellow corky vein symptom in mentioned disease.}, Keywords = {Hop stunt viroid (HSVd), Citrus tristeza virus (CTV), ELISA}, volume = {9}, Number = {1}, pages = {29-30}, publisher = {Iranian Society for Virology}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.21859/isv.9.1.29}, url = {http://journal.isv.org.ir/article-1-239-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.isv.org.ir/article-1-239-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Virology}, issn = {1735-5680}, eissn = {2588-5030}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Shahidokht, Majid and Moghimi, Mansour and ahmadivasmehjani, abbas and Doosti, Masou}, title = {Comparison of Hepatitis C Genotypes in Plasma and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PMBCs) in Hepatitis C-Infected Patients}, abstract ={Abstract Background and Aims: The Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) is essentially hepatotropic but virus compartment has also been found in other important extra hepatic sites. Detection of HCV RNA in extra hepatic reservoirs such as peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) is important for determining of disease progression and effective treatment. The present study aimed to determine of different HCV genotypes in plasma and PBMCs specimens from patients of Yazd province of Iran. Materials and Methods: Blood samples of 50 patients with established HCV referred to Shahid Sadoughi Hospital were collected. These patients had positive anti-HCV and positive plasma HCV RNA. After RNA extraction from plasma and a pellet of approximately 3-5× 106 PBMCs, CDNA synthesis was done and stuck in -70°C. Then HCV genotyping by using of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) method was carried out. Finally, Data analysis was done by SPSS software. Results: The mean age of subjects infected with HCV 38/2±14/6 (ages 21-66) who were the majority of those between ages lower 30 years. 3a and 1a genotype distribution in plasma was significantly higher in those aged over 40 than other age that this difference in genotype distribution at the age of 40 is significant (P value> 0.04) but in PBMCs was not significant (p=0.25). 1a and 3a genotype distribution in plasma and PBMCs in between 40-30 ages showed a lower frequency than other ages. In none of the samples from patients with genotype 2 and 1b genotypes but only 3a and 1a such as mixed infections was detected. Typically, mixing virus infection in 8 patients (16%) in plasma and in 16 samples (32%) was identified in PBMCs. Conclusions: It suggested that plasma subtyping as the target genotype for considering of antiviral therapy is essential, but may be result to the goal of therapy. HCV genotyping in PBMCs samples along with plasma specimen might be beneficial. Therefore, determine of HCV genotype in PBMCs in before therapy because detection of occult infection is useful}, Keywords = {Hepatitis C virus (HCV), HCV genotypes, PBMCs, Polymerase Chain Reaction}, volume = {9}, Number = {2}, pages = {1-7}, publisher = {Iranian Society for Virology}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.21859/isv.9.2.1}, url = {http://journal.isv.org.ir/article-1-218-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.isv.org.ir/article-1-218-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Virology}, issn = {1735-5680}, eissn = {2588-5030}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Aliakbari, Moein and Behzadian, Farida and Deldar, Ali Asghar}, title = {Bacillus subtilis as a Host for Recombinant Hemagglutinin Production of the Influenza A (H5N1) Virus}, abstract ={Abstract Background and Aims: Influenza A(H5N1) viruses  circulating in animals might evolve and acquire the ability to spread from  human to human and thus start a pandemic. Hemagglutinin (HA) has been shown to play a major role in binding of influenza virus to its target cell and the main neutralizing antibody responses elicit against this region. Recent studies have shown that glycosylation of HA is not necessary for its immunogenicity. Bacillus subtilis has been identified as a free endotoxin host for high expression and secretion of heterologous proteins with immunological activity. This bacterium is not capable of supporting glycosylation process. However, it could be an appropriate host to produce new recombinant HA1 for vaccine research purposes. In this study we constructed a recombinant B. subtilis that was able to express and secrete HA1 protein into cytoplasmic and extracellular medium. Materials and Methods: HA1 gene was amplified and cloned into pGEM® 5Zf(–) vector. It was then subcloned into shuttle vector PHT43 and transferred to E.coli for propagation. Accuracy of PHT43-HA1 construct was confirmed by sequencing and restriction map. The recombinant plasmid was extracted from E.coli and used to transform of B.subtilis by electroporation. Following IPTG induction, the total cell protein and the protein secreted into media were analysed through a time course using SDS-PAGE. Results: The accuracy of  PHT43-HA1 construct was confirmed by sequencing and enzymatic digestion analysis. SDS-PAGE results showed that the recombinant HA1 protein was successfully expressed and secreted into medium. Conclusion: The HA1 protein produced here could be considered and evaluated as a protective antigen which its immunogenicity potential needs to be assessed in animal models along with proper control groups.}, Keywords = {Bacillus subtilis, hemagglutinin, influenza, H5N1}, volume = {9}, Number = {2}, pages = {8-13}, publisher = {Iranian Society for Virology}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.21859/isv.9.2.8}, url = {http://journal.isv.org.ir/article-1-180-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.isv.org.ir/article-1-180-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Virology}, issn = {1735-5680}, eissn = {2588-5030}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Ahmadi, Akramsadat and Naeimi, Mohammad Hasan and Javid, Naeme and Moradi, Abdolvahab and Vakili, Mohammad Ali and Tabarraei, alij}, title = {HHV-6 DNA and Antibody Detection in Plasma and PBMC of Multiple Sclerosis Patients in North of Iran}, abstract ={Abstract Background and Aims: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is defined by the presence of inflammatory demyelinating plaques in the central nervous system (CNS). It has been indicated that human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6) may play role in pathogenesis of MS. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of HHV-6 DNA and anti HHV-6 IgG in MS patients and controls. Materials and Methods: Blood samples from 59 patients with MS and 59 healthy controls were collected. DNA extraction and real-time PCR based on (Syber Green) were done in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and in plasma specimens. Anti-HHV-6 IgG was measured by ELISA technique. Demographic and clinical data were collected and entered in SPSS 16 and analyzed. Results: HHV-6 DNA was found in the plasma sample of 1 (1.7%) of 59 MS patients. There was no HHV-6 DNA in PBMCs of the MS patients and controls and in plasma of control group. Anti- HHV-6 IgG antibody was present in 84.7% of MS patients and 82.1% of control group. Conclusion: There was no significant relation based on presence of HHV-6 DNA and antibody between MS patients and controls in north of Iran.}, Keywords = {HHV-6, Multiple sclerosis, Real-Time PCR, ELISA}, volume = {9}, Number = {2}, pages = {14-19}, publisher = {Iranian Society for Virology}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.21859/isv.9.2.14}, url = {http://journal.isv.org.ir/article-1-184-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.isv.org.ir/article-1-184-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Virology}, issn = {1735-5680}, eissn = {2588-5030}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Ahi, Mohammad Reza and PourmahdiBorujeni, mahdi and HajiHajikolaei, Mohammad Rahim and SeifiAbadShapouri, Masoud Rez}, title = {A Serological Survey on Antibodies against Akabane Virus in Sheep in Southwest of Iran}, abstract ={Abstract Background and Aims: Akabane disease causes epidemics of abortions, stillbirths and congenital malformations manifested as arthrogryposis and hydranencephaly or microanencephaly in sheep, goats and cattle. Akabane virus replicates in arthropods and is transmitted by either mosquitoes or midges. Outbreaks of the Akabane virus have been reported from many countries in Southeast Asia, Middle East, Africa and Australia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of Akabane virus infection and correlation of this infection with host and environmental determinants in sheep in Khouzestan province, the Southwest of Iran. Materials and Methods: In this study, serum samples of 360 sheep were randomly collected from 6 cities of Khouzestan province and were examined by ELISA assay. Results: Seroprevalence of Akabane virus infection was 39.72% (95% CI: 34.67-44.78%). Statistical analysis showed history of recently abortion and breed of sheep are significantly associated with infection (p<0.05) but sex and age of sheep are not significantly associated with infection (p>0.05). Conclusion: The results of the present study confirm that the Akabane virus infection exists in Khouzestan province, Iran. Considering the local weather conditions and the facility of vector-borne transmission, the health authorities should take measures to prevent and control the infection.}, Keywords = {Akabane virus, Epidemiology, Prevalence, Serology, Iran}, volume = {9}, Number = {2}, pages = {20-25}, publisher = {Iranian Society for Virology}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.21859/isv.9.2.20}, url = {http://journal.isv.org.ir/article-1-198-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.isv.org.ir/article-1-198-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Virology}, issn = {1735-5680}, eissn = {2588-5030}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Salehi, M and Shokuhi-Mostafavi, S Kh and Mirzaee, M and Mobini, M and Gholami, M and HeydariM, Asghar}, title = {The Sero-Epidemiology of Infectious Mononucleosis in Neyshabur during 2010-2014}, abstract ={Abstract Background and Aims: EBV is a human herpesvirus that infects more than 90% of the world’s population. Although, benign and asymptomatic in most cases, the infection can cause many nonmalignant and malignant disorders of lymphoid and epithelial origins. The objective of this study was detected in IM prevalence in Neyshabur, Northeast Iran from 2010-2014. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive epidemiological survey was performed in Neyshabur between 2010 and 2014 to reveal the prevalence of infectious mononucleosis. A total of 114 patients were studied. Briefly, patients with a positive test for specific IgG and IgM were determined as positive cases. Results: the overall prevalence of IM was 14%. The mean age±SD for infectious mono test is 18.96± 15.79. the age groups of 0-10 and 21-30 years old, were the most positive cases in this period. In addition, 31-40 and upper 50 years were not positive cases. Male patients were significantly more positive and likewise, it was observed that the spring and summer seasons had significantly higher positive cases of IM. Among the five years of this study, it was a decreasing status from 2010 (23.1%) to 2014 (9.1%), although a slight fluctuation was occurring. Conclusions: the prevalence of IM was low in Neyshabur city. Moreover, children and male patients had relatively higher prevalence of the disease. Furthermore, it was observed a higher rate of IM in the spring and summer seasons.}, Keywords = {Epstein-Barr virus, infectious mononucleosis, Neyshabur city, Iran}, volume = {9}, Number = {2}, pages = {26-30}, publisher = {Iranian Society for Virology}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.21859/isv.9.2.26}, url = {http://journal.isv.org.ir/article-1-175-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.isv.org.ir/article-1-175-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Virology}, issn = {1735-5680}, eissn = {2588-5030}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Ghalyanchi-Langeroudi, A and Karimi, V and Jannat, A and Hashemzadeh, M and Fallah, MH and Gholami, F and Zabihi, MT and Heidarzadeh, M}, title = {Genotyping of Infectious Bronchitis Viruses in the East of Iran, 2015}, abstract ={Abstract Background and Aims: Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is the causative agent of avian infectious bronchitis, which is characterized by respiratory, reproductive, and renal signs. IBV is a highly variable virus with a large number of genotypes. S1 gene sequencing has been used for molecular epidemiological studies and genotypic characterization of IBV. To better understand the molecular epidemiology of IBV in Iran, we sequenced the S1 gene of IBV field isolates, a total of 40 tracheal and kidney tissue specimens from different commercial broiler flocks in the East of Iran were collected from 2015.  Materials and Methods: 15 IBV-positive samples were selected from among the total and were further characterized by sequencing the spike glycoprotein gene.   The isolates were confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and characterized by sequencing the spike glycoprotein gene. Results: Three genotypes were detected. The percentage of Variant 2 (IS/1494 like), 793/B, and QX genotypes was 66.7%, 26.7%, and 6.6% respectively. We reported the QX as the first time and Variant2 was the dominant genotype in this area. Conclusion: It is an updated and comprehensive study of genotyping of IBV and completes IBV puzzle in the East of Iran.}, Keywords = {Avian Infectious Bronchitis, Iran, Genotyping, Spike}, volume = {9}, Number = {2}, pages = {31-35}, publisher = {Iranian Society for Virology}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.21859/isv.9.2.31}, url = {http://journal.isv.org.ir/article-1-264-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.isv.org.ir/article-1-264-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Virology}, issn = {1735-5680}, eissn = {2588-5030}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Screening Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) isolates via comparative bioassays}, abstract ={Abstract Background and Aims: The Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) is a baculovirus and very effective biological control agent against apple pest, codling moth, Cydia pomonella L. especially for healthy organic apple production and protection.  Not only, screening of CpGV isolates via biochemical variation, but also their biological variation is practically necessary.  However, the bioassay methods and biological activity parameters, such as LC50, LD50 and LT50 are different, sensitive and usually time and expense consuming; the right chosen method of bioassay can show differences and variation for applied screening purposes.  Materials and Methods: In this study, an appropriate double bioassay method have been successfully set to express biological variation of CpGV isolates on neonate larvae under laboratory conditions (26±0.2 ˚C, RH: 60%±2, 16:8 L: D).  The diet incorporation bioassays (LC50) with  0 to 16000 occlusion bodies/ml usually determine the rate of larval mortality on 7th day. Results: The LC50 of CpGV isolates were evaluated 4454 to 2277 occlusion bodies (OBs) per ml of artificial diet. Conclusions: Tthat show the double bioassay method have been successfully set and comparable with other results that can enhance biocontrol of codling moth especially in organic apple orchards.}, Keywords = {codling moth, Cydia pomonella granulovirus, bioassay.}, volume = {9}, Number = {3}, pages = {1-5}, publisher = {Iranian Society for Virology}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.21859/isv.9.3.1}, url = {http://journal.isv.org.ir/article-1-266-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.isv.org.ir/article-1-266-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Virology}, issn = {1735-5680}, eissn = {2588-5030}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Omidian, Jalil and Sheikhi-Shooshtari, Farib}, title = {Prevalence of Herpes Simplex Virus type-1, 2 and Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) in Eye Infection}, abstract ={Abstract Background and Aims: Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a common cause of corneal disease and is the leading infectious cause of corneal blindness among developed nations. This study is aimed to provide an estimation of the incidence of Herpes Simplex Virustype-1, 2(HSV1, 2) and Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) in tears and swab from eye infection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in eye disease in a suspected community. Materials and Methods: Fifty subjects without signs of ocular herpetic disease enrolled in the study. Serum samples from all subjects were tested for HSV IgG antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Subjects were instructed to collect tear samples by touching the inner surface of the lower eyelid with an individually wrapped, sterile cotton swab and to place the swab immediately into labeled sterile tubes. Swabs were kept at 4°C until processed. Nucleic acid was extracted from the samples and PCR-amplified for HSV DNA. Results: Among 50 samples, 3 samples were refused because internal controls were negative. HSV infection was established in 10% (5 out of 50) of all patients. The prevalence of HSV infection in patients with no clinical suspicion of herpetic keratitis was 6%. Histopathologic evaluation revealed that among samples with positive PCR results, 100% had evidence of inflammation, 55% had giant cells, 39% had necrosis, 59% had vascularization, 67 % had ulcer and 100% of them had inclusion bodies. Conclusions: Because some of the patients with no clinical suspicion of herpes infection were found positive, we suggest that HSV to be considered as one of the underlying etiologies in any patient with corneal scar and keratitis. Therefore, performing further diagnostic methods, including PCR and histopathology, is mandatory to clearly understand the infection.}, Keywords = {Herpes Simplex Virus, HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, Tear, eye infection Polymerase Chain Reaction.}, volume = {9}, Number = {3}, pages = {6-14}, publisher = {Iranian Society for Virology}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.21859/isv.9.3.6}, url = {http://journal.isv.org.ir/article-1-221-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.isv.org.ir/article-1-221-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Virology}, issn = {1735-5680}, eissn = {2588-5030}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Jahanshahi, Zahra and Izadpanah, Keramat and Afsharifar, Alireza and Behjatnia, Seyed Ali Akbar}, title = {New Hosts and Comparison of Biological and Molecular Characteristics of Fig, Mulberry, and Citrus Isolates of Hop Stunt Viroid in Iran}, abstract ={Abstract Background and Aims: Hop stunt viroid (HSVd, genus Hostuviroid, family Pospiviroidae) has a wide host range among trees and herbaceous plants. The objectives of this study were to compare biological and physical characteristics of three isolates of HSVd from mulberry, fig and citrus and search for other hosts of this viroid in Iran. Materials and Methods: Plant samples were collected from Yazd, Isfahan, Fars and Tehran provinces and examined for their possible infection by hop stunt viroid (HSVd) using reverse transcription- polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The experimental host range of the viroid was determined by injection of infected sap into greenhouse grown seedlings and subsequent assay of inoculated plants by RT-PCR. Fig, mulberry and citrus isolates of the viroid were compared with respect to host range and molecular characteristics. Nucleic acids were isolated from plant tissues by CTAB method and subjected to RT-PCR using HSVd specific primers. The PCR products were sequenced and the most stable secondary structures for the three mentioned isolates were predicted and compared.  Results: Among 120 samples collected from different regions and hosts, 13 samples from mulberry, fig, apple, quince, apricot, peach and citrus were infected by HSVd. The mulberry samples showed vein clearing and leaf deformation symptoms while usually no specific symptoms were observed in the fig samples. Apple, quince, apricot, peach and citrus samples were also symptomless hosts. In greenhouse tests, mulberry isolate induced more severe symptoms. Comparison of primary and secondary structures of the viroid isolates showed a closer similarity between the fig and mulberry isolates while the latter were less similar to citrus isolate. Conclusions: Sequence variation and structural differences were observed amon the isolates studied. Most differences of these isolates were in the pathogenicity, variable and terminal right regions which may determine the type andseverity of symptoms. Many trees are infected without showing apparent symptoms.}, Keywords = {hop stunt viroid, fig, citrus, mulberry}, volume = {9}, Number = {3}, pages = {15-23}, publisher = {Iranian Society for Virology}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.21859/isv.9.3.15}, url = {http://journal.isv.org.ir/article-1-162-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.isv.org.ir/article-1-162-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Virology}, issn = {1735-5680}, eissn = {2588-5030}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Novel variants of citrus exocortis viroid from southern of Iran}, abstract ={Background and Aims: Citrus exocortis disease is naturally limited to citrus plants and causes a serious disease on sensitive rootstocks such as trifoliate orange. The aim of this study was to sample new variants of citrus exocortis viroid from Fars trees with yellowing and suberization symptoms and comparison with other isolates of this viroid. Materials and Methods: A number of symptomatic or symptomless citrus trees were sampled and studied for viroid detection. After RNA extraction, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was conducted and the full length genome of viroids were cloned and sequenced. Three CEVd isolates from Fars were selected and used for comparison with four CEVd isolates from Mazandaran and a number of other sequences from GenBank. Results: It was shown that on the basis of homology, three CEVd isolates from Mazandaran and all three CEVd isolates from Fars clustered into one group while one of the Mazandaran sequences fell apart. Conclusions: Therefore we proposed that Iranian CEVd isolates except one isolate from north have the same origin.}, Keywords = {Viroid, CEVd, phylogeny, citrus viroids, citrus exocortis viroid.}, volume = {9}, Number = {3}, pages = {24-31}, publisher = {Iranian Society for Virology}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.21859/isv.9.3.24}, url = {http://journal.isv.org.ir/article-1-248-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.isv.org.ir/article-1-248-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Virology}, issn = {1735-5680}, eissn = {2588-5030}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Hosseini, Hossein and Gholami, Amir and GhalyanchiLangeroudi, Arash}, title = {Molecular Detection of Lentogenic Strain of Newcastle Disease Virus in Commercial Broiler Chickens Using Sentinel Birds in Iran: The First Report}, abstract ={Abstract Background and Aims: Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly contagious disease that affects many species of birds and causes significant economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide and the pathogenicity of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strains varies with different virulence. We aim to detect lentogenic (low virulence) ND virus (ND/IR 2010) using sentinel birds and molecular detection system in commercial broiler farms in Iran as the first molecular case. Materials and Methods: Partial sequencing of Fusion gene (F) which revealed that ND/IR 2010 carries the motif (112) GRQGRL (117) indicates that they are lentogenic genotype. Phylogenetic analysis, based on sequences of the F gene, revealed that our isolate should be classified as class II genotype I NDVs and related to the V4-like vaccine strain. Results: Since the V4 vaccine strain is not used as vaccine in Iranian poultry industry, thus findings in this study are important and interesting. The results of alignment of  gene showed that ND/IR 2010 has 99.9% amino acid homology with V4, I2 and some other lentogenic NDV from South East Asia (in particular to duck origin virus). Conclusions: This study adds to the understanding of the ecology of ND viruses in Iran and emphasizes the need for constant surveillance for more focus on lentogenic strains and their role in commercial farms and water fowl population as a neglected viral infection agent}, Keywords = {Newcastle Disease Virus, Iran, Lentogenic, Phylogenetic study}, volume = {9}, Number = {3}, pages = {32-36}, publisher = {Iranian Society for Virology}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.21859/isv.9.3.32}, url = {http://journal.isv.org.ir/article-1-225-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.isv.org.ir/article-1-225-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Virology}, issn = {1735-5680}, eissn = {2588-5030}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {MostafaviZadeh, Mostafa and Niakan, Mohammad and Nedaeinia, Reza and Manian, Mostafa and Avan, Amir and Nedaeinia, Mozhdeh and Ranjbar, Maryam and Faraji, Habibollah and Piroozmand, Ahm}, title = {Association of E6 gene expression of high risk human papillomaviruse HPV 18 in patients with Cervical squamous cell dysplasia and Cancerous Lesions}, abstract ={Abstract Background and Aims: Cervical cancer is among leading causes of cancer related death in women and human papilloma virus (HPV) is one of the important risk factor of this cancer. The aim of the present study was to develop a PCR method for identification of a high carcinogenic type of HPV, HPV 18 using E6 gene as a marker in patients with cervical cancer Materials and Methods: 92 Formalin-Fix (FF) and Paraffin-Embedded (PE) tissues of premalignant and malignant lesions from cervical cancer patients were collected. DNA was extorted followed by PCR application in two steps using L1 and E6 consensus primers. Results: Infection with HPV was observed in 68(73.91%) out of 92 samples by L1 region consensus primers, while 18 (26.47%) positive cases were detected to be HPV 18 using E6 type specific primer. Six of them were CINII and CINIII, and 12 cases were diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrated that the assessment of HPV18 using E6 gene with a specific PCR can help in identification of high carcinogenic genotypes of HPV. Further studies are needed to assess the value of this method in a larger multicenter setting for establishing their values for early detection of cervical cancer patients.}, Keywords = {E6 papilloma virus, cervical cancer, HPV18.}, volume = {9}, Number = {3}, pages = {37-43}, publisher = {Iranian Society for Virology}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.21859/isv.9.3.37}, url = {http://journal.isv.org.ir/article-1-251-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.isv.org.ir/article-1-251-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Virology}, issn = {1735-5680}, eissn = {2588-5030}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Moallemi, Zahra and Ayatollahi, Jamshid and Doosti, Masou}, title = {Serum and Urine Level of IP-10 in Patients with HCV infection Based on Clinical and Virological Markers}, abstract ={Abstract Background and Aims: IP-10 molecule is a new biomarker to predict response to treatment in chronic HCV infection. Also urine IP-10 has been suggested as a biomarker in other infections. But already, it has low data in urine as well as serum level of IP-10 for HCV infection. The aim of this study was to assess urine and serum level of IP-10 in patients with type 1 and 3a HCV infection. Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, 105 patients with HCV infection were involved in three 35 people groups. Blood and urine sample of all patients was collected to determine IP-10 level. Finally, data analysis was reported using SPSS, mean statistics analysis and T test. Results: The age mean was 41.6±11.2 ranging 21-68. Urine and serum level of IP-10 in patient group was significantly higher than control (p=0.001). Serum level of IP-10 based on HCV genotype was higher significantly in genotype 1a than 3a (p=0.001) but there was no significant difference of urine IP-10 level between genotypes 1a and 3a. Conclusions: The results show IP-10 is a proper marker to determine the prognosis of fibrosis and progress liver inflammation and on the other hand, the prediction of response to treatment differs in various genotypes of HCV infection.}, Keywords = {Hepatitis C, IP-10, serum and urine, genotype 3a and 1a}, volume = {9}, Number = {4}, pages = {1-8}, publisher = {Iranian Society for Virology}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.21859/isv.9.4.1}, url = {http://journal.isv.org.ir/article-1-219-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.isv.org.ir/article-1-219-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Virology}, issn = {1735-5680}, eissn = {2588-5030}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Omidian, Jalil and Sheikhi-Shooshtari, Farib}, title = {Cytomegalovirus PCR Analysis of Serum and Ocular Swab Samples in Patients with Inflammatory Eye Disease}, abstract ={Abstract Background and Aims: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is very common in the population. Virus belongs to the family Herpesviridae, whose representatives are characterized by the ability to cause the human body's latent persistent infections. The goal of the study is to assess the CMVV infection frequency and PCR method in the choice of CMV in inflammatory eye disease, Comparing with CMV presence in Eye Infection and the control group. Materials and Methods: Primers were designed for conserved regions of the CMV genome. We have used PCR to rapid, accurate detection of EBV DNA in blood and from eye swabs as well as pp65 antigenemia. We have chosen to study patients with eye inflammation or infection symptom. Results: CMV DNA was detectable in three 21 out of 130 control samples of serum (16.5%). CMV infection was seen in 9 out of 20 (45%) patients’ serum samples. Compared with the controls, the presence of EBV DNA was only significantly increased in samples of the patient group. 13 out of 20 (65%) patients in patients and 19 out of 130 (14.61%) of the control group had detectable CMV DNA in their ocular swab. Conclusion: We have presented evidence for the presence of CMV sequences in normal and eye inflammation samples with PCR. CMV serology was available for a large number of individuals. The prevalence of CMV in ocular disease samples varied dramatically that this wide range may be due to variations and inconsistency in the techniques used to detect the virus and its Components, as well as geography and genetic susceptibility.}, Keywords = {cytomegalovirus, CMV, PCR analysis, serum and ocular swab, inflammatory eye disease}, volume = {9}, Number = {4}, pages = {9-17}, publisher = {Iranian Society for Virology}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.21859/isv.9.4.9}, url = {http://journal.isv.org.ir/article-1-235-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.isv.org.ir/article-1-235-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Virology}, issn = {1735-5680}, eissn = {2588-5030}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Mojahedi, Zohreh and VasfiMarandi, Mahdi and Aghaipour, Khosrow and Mahdavi, Hamid and Ppourbakhsh, Seyed Ali and Anissian, Ali}, title = {Virus shedding after H9N2 strain challenge of SPF Chickens immunized by an experimental Nano-Adjuvant and commercial oil emulsion avian influenza (H9N2) vaccines}, abstract ={Abstract Background and Aims: Vaccination of poultry has a major impact on the prevention and control of avian influenza viruses. Nanobiotechnology techniques provide a new approach for improvement of influenza vaccine efficacy. In this study, efficacy of an inactivated nano-adjuvant vaccine developed based on an endemic H9N2 virus was evaluated in SPF chickens. Materials and Methods: In each three trial 40 specific pathogen free (SPF) white Leghorn chickens were used in four groups. Chickens from treatment groups (n= 10) via subcutaneous route received a single dose of the nano-adjuvant or the oil emulsion Razi® H9N2 vaccines. Chickens in the control group C received antigen only. All the birds were challenged with H9N2 strain on day 21 post-vaccination. Cloacal and tracheal swabs were taken at 1-10 days post-challenge and viral shedding was examined using inoculation of SPF embryonated eggs. Results: Both vaccinated SPF chicken groups induced complete protection against clinical signs. Viral shedding in the nano-adjuvant H9N2 vaccinated chickens was completely blocked after challenge with a homologous H9N2 virus. Statistical analysis based on the protection effects of the chickens immunized with nano-adjuvant and the Razi® H9N2 vaccine showed no significant difference, but there was a significant difference to un-vaccinated group. Conclusions: The results of this study indicated that the nano-adjuvant vaccine was efficacious in protection of SPF chickens over H9N2 infection. Further field experiments are needed to demonstrate the efficacy of the vaccines under field conditions.}, Keywords = {nano-adjuvant, vaccine, Influenza virus}, volume = {9}, Number = {4}, pages = {18-23}, publisher = {Iranian Society for Virology}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.21859/isv.9.4.18}, url = {http://journal.isv.org.ir/article-1-249-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.isv.org.ir/article-1-249-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Virology}, issn = {1735-5680}, eissn = {2588-5030}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Farahmand, Zohreh and Soleimanjahi, Hoorieh and Arefian, Ehsan and Goodarzi, Zahra and Razavinikoo, Hadi and Rezaie, Yasam}, title = {Rotavirus NSP4 protein as a viral biotoxin selectively promotes cytotoxicity}, abstract ={Abstract Background and Aims: The number of new cancer cases with considerable mortality is increasing worldwide. Since the inability of current therapies in treatment of patients and prevention the progress of tumors with fewer side effects, implementation of new methods is needed. Gene therapy has widespread systemic cytotoxic effects against tumor cells. Rotavirus NSP4 has been shown to elicit extensive cytotoxic activities in transfected or infected cells. In this study, the biological cytotoxic effect of NSP4 rotavirus protein was investigation on TC-1 tumor cell integrity. Materials and Methods: NSP4 gene of rotavirus was cloned into the pCDH plasmid and then TC-1 tumor cells were transfected with plasmids. After reviewing the presence of this protein by SDS-PAGE and confirming NSP4 expression by western blotting using anti- NSP4 antibody, the cytotoxic effect of NSP4 expression in TC-1 tumor cells was measured by the MTT assay. Results: Significant differences were observed in the cell viability between the control groups and the group of cells that received NSP4 gene. Conclusion: Rotavirus NSP4 gene posses specific cell cytotoxicity and is potentially effective in tumor destruction.}, Keywords = {Rotavirus, NSP4, Enterotoxin, Cytotoxicity, Cancer Therapy}, volume = {9}, Number = {4}, pages = {24-28}, publisher = {Iranian Society for Virology}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.21859/isv.9.4.24}, url = {http://journal.isv.org.ir/article-1-217-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.isv.org.ir/article-1-217-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Virology}, issn = {1735-5680}, eissn = {2588-5030}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Bahavar, Atefeh and Monavari, Seyed Hamid Reza and Keyvani, Hossein and Esghaei, Maryam and Ghorbani, Saied and Ataei-Pirkooh, Angil}, title = {Sero-prevalence of Herpes Simplex and Epstein Barr Viruses in HIV positive patients in Tehran}, abstract ={Abstract Background and Aims: The burden of HIV infection and disease continues to be a major global public health concern all over the world. This study was conducted to measure IgG antibody against EBV viral capsid antigen (EBV-VCA IgG), Herpes Simplex Type1, and 2 to determine the seroprevalence of this infection in HIV-positive population. Materials and Methods: A Cross-sectional study between March and August 2016 was conducted in keyvan virology laboratory enrolling 84 HIV-positive patients with different age and sexes. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for determination of IgG antibody against Herpes Simplex Type1, Type 2 viruses, EBV and HIV viral load detected in plasma by Real time-PCR in obtained samples from HIV-positive patients. Results: The overall seroprevalence was 66.7% for anti-HSV-1 IgG, 14.3% for anti-HSV-2 IgG, and 94% for anti-EBV IgG. There was no significant difference between the sex groups for HSV-1 and -2, EBV and HIV load and their IgG level. This study also showed a correlation between the age, and the antibody titers only for HSV-1 and -2 with P=0.030 and P= 0.024, respectively. Conclusions: In our study, the seroprevalence of EBV and HSV-1 IgG were higher in HIV-positive patients. It can be derived that HSV-2 virus is not major coinfection in Iran, thus requires less attention than others, but annually monitoring needs for proper health care programs.}, Keywords = {Keywords: HIV, EBV, HSV-1, HSV-2, Sero-prevalence}, volume = {9}, Number = {4}, pages = {29-34}, publisher = {Iranian Society for Virology}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.21859/isv.9.4.29}, url = {http://journal.isv.org.ir/article-1-258-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.isv.org.ir/article-1-258-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Virology}, issn = {1735-5680}, eissn = {2588-5030}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Bagherian, SAA}, title = {Prediction of Secondary Structure of Citrus Viroids Reported from Southern Iran}, abstract ={Abstract Viroids are smallest, single-stranded, circular, highly structured plant pathogenic RNAs that do not code for any protein. Viroids belong to two families, the Avsunviroidae and the Pospiviroidae. Members of the Pospiviroidae family adopt a rod-like secondary structure. In this study the most stable secondary structures of citrus viroid variants that reported from Fars province were drawn. The most stable secondary structures of these viroid variants were a classical rod-like structure and adopted cruciform structure including various additional small hairpins. Comparison of secondary structures of these viroid variants with other viroid variants indicates their highly similarities in the rod-like structures, number of loops and free energies and it’s obvious to result these closest variants of the Pospiviroidae family. HSVd-cit1 and CVd-III-1 differed from under study variants in the stability and number of secondary structure branches. Because of relationship between secondary structure and pathogenicity of viroids, it is supposed that these two variants possibly will have high risk for citrus cultivations.}, Keywords = {Citrus viroids, secondary structures, computational analysis}, volume = {9}, Number = {4}, pages = {35-38}, publisher = {Iranian Society for Virology}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.21859/isv.9.4.35}, url = {http://journal.isv.org.ir/article-1-199-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.isv.org.ir/article-1-199-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Virology}, issn = {1735-5680}, eissn = {2588-5030}, year = {2015} }