ORIGINAL_ARTICLE Background and Aims: Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is an acute, very contagious disease of juvenile chickens. High mortality following its acute clinical form on the one hand, and immunosuppressive effects resulting from subclinical infections, on the other hand, made IBD an economically important disease. In Iran, despite regular vaccination, cases of IBD are still diagnosed clinically, with limited information on their molecular epidemiology. The present study was conducted to characterize IBD viruses responsible for a recent outbreak. Materials and Methods: Samples of the bursa of Fabricius were collected from IBD suspected pullets with up to 40% mortality. The viral RNA was isolated, and an RT-PCR targeting hypervariable region within the VP2 gene was carried out. One positive sample was sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed. Results: The virus detected in this study had the highest homology to a very virulent IBD virus (vvIBDV) identified in 2018 in Iran. It also shared a high level of homologies to vvIBDVs isolated from Kuwait, Iraq, and Turkey. Conclusions: Despite using vaccines, very virulent IBD viruses are circulating in Iran. The close relationships of the detected virus with vvIBD viruses circulating in neighboring countries is an alarming issue announcing the necessity of imposing strict rules on importation and exportation of birds. http://journal.isv.org.ir/article-1-355-en.pdf 2019-11-27 1 5 Infectious bursal disease Molecular characterization Iran Pullets Hamideh Najafi hamideh.najafi.1988@gmail.com 1 Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5329-5808 Hossein Hosseini hosseini.ho@gmail.com 2 Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, Alborz, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8248-3979 Mahdi Kasaee mahdi.kasaee2019@gmail.com 3 Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, Alborz, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3085-7203 Leila Aghaiyan Mahsaaghaee@gmail.com 4 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6034-2801 Zahra ZiafatiKafi zahra.ziafati@gmail.com 5 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8824-1276 Niusha Hajizamani Niushahajizamani@yahoo.com 6 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8221-2039 Ali Rajeooni ahrscience@gmail.com 7 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8474-7536 Amir ModiriHamadan amirmodiri72@gmail.com 8 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0555-5334 Fattemeh Sadat Mousavi 9 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Arash Ghalyanchilangeroudi Arashghalyanchi@gmail.com 10 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7914-0863

ORIGINAL_ARTICLE Background and Aims: There is no data about JC virus genotypes in Iran. Due to the association of some genotypes of JC virus with PML (Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy) and also for the fact that some genotypes are more likely to be associated with certain diseases, such as cancer, the importance of this research is highlighted. The aim of this study was to determine the genotype of JC virus in northeastern Iran to find any different genotype in different tissues. Materials and Methods: Twenty two colorectal tissue samples were collected from colorectal cancer patients and 19 urine samples were collected from healthy individuals. After genomic extraction, PCR was applied to amplify the desired gene region for genotyping. The reported sequences were compared with sequences recorded in NCBI database. The 100% match was observed in most of the samples. Results: In general, 12 urine samples and 17 tissue samples were in type 1 and 3 urine specimens belonged to type 2, and 5 tissue samples and 4 urine specimens were also found in type 3. Conclusions: According to the statistical analysis, there was no correlation between urinary tract genotypes and tissue samples. Genotype 2 was observed only in urine specimens but not tissue samples. The most common genotype in this study was Type-1 and then Type-3. No other genotype was observed in this study. http://journal.isv.org.ir/article-1-353-en.pdf 2019-11-27 6 12 JC virus Genotype Iran Shirin Roohbakhsh shirin.roohbakhsh00@yahoo.com 1 Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7575-0197 Mohammad Derakhshan derakhshanm@mums.ac.ir 2 Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran AUTHOR Farnaz Zahedi zahediaf@mums.ac.ir 3 Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran AUTHOR Zahra Meshkat meshkatz@mums.ac.ir 4 Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran AUTHOR Mohammad Javad Najafzadeh 5 Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran AUTHOR Masoud Youssefi YoussefiM@mums.ac.ir 6 Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran AUTHOR

ORIGINAL_ARTICLE Background and Aims: Infectious bronchitis is an economically important disease, especially in chickens. It causes disorders in the respiratory tract, kidney and reproductive tract of affected birds. The annual losses imposed by the disease are significant in the Iranian poultry industry. The Infectious bronchitis virus has many different serotypes and mutations in its RNA results in the virus variation which makes the control of IB more difficult. The control strategy of IB is based on vaccination and it has been used live and inactivated vaccines. Vaccines against different strains of the virus have been used. Vaccines should be against specific strains in each area. The application of an appropriate ELISA kit which can detect the level of antibody response leads to choosing an effective vaccine. Materials and Methods: The current study compared antibody response after four vaccination approach and then compared 3 ELISA kits in the detection of antibody rising. A total of 100 SPF chickens were divided into 5 groups. The first group considered as the control and H120-H120, H120-1/96, H120-4/91, and H120-IB88 protocols were conducted for the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th groups, respectively. The validation of the Proflok, BioChek and IDEXX ELISA kits were evaluated after vaccination.   Results: Significant titers differences between four vaccination approaches were shown better by Biochek, Idexx and Proflok kits respectively. Also, the highest antibody titration belonged to the 4th group and the highest titration detected by the Proflok kit which had the most sensitivity.   Conclusions: According to our results, it is important to use endemic strains of the IBV for vaccination to have better cross-protection. In this study, as the 3 studied kits had different sensitivity and specificity, different antibody rising was detected. http://journal.isv.org.ir/article-1-359-en.pdf 2019-11-27 13 18 ELISA kit Infectious bronchitis Iran Vaccination protocol Mohammad Hossein FallahMehrababdi mhf2480@yahoo.com 1 Department of Poultry Diseases, RAZI Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1221-7771 SeyedAli Ghafouri s_ali_ghafouri@yahoo.com 2 Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0541-0303 Arash Ghalyanchilangeroudi Arashghalyanchi@gmail.com 3 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3031-5084 Hossein Hosseini s_ali_ghafouri@yahoo.com 4 Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, Karaj, Iran AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8248-3979 Reza Khaltabadi Farahani rezafarahanikh@yahoo.com 5 Iranian Veterinary Organization, Tehran, Iran AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8762-5887 Hossein Maghsoudloo hosseinmaghsoudloo@yahoo.com 6 Iranian Veterinary Organization, Tehran, Iran AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1276-9701 Hamed Abdollahi Dr.Abdollahidvm@gmail.com 7 Iranian Veterinary Organization, Tehran, Iran AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2759-768X Zahra ZiafatiKafi zahra.ziafati@gmail.com 8 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8824-1276 Mona Hamedi hamedimona42@yahoo.com 9 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5858-2731 Leila Aghaiyan Mahsaaghaee@gmail.com 10 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6034-2801

ORIGINAL_ARTICLE Background and Aims: Infectious bronchitis (IB) is one of the significant economically critical poultry diseases distributed worldwide, including Iran. Different IB virus (IBV) genotypes are circulating in different geographical regions. Typing of IBV strains is useful for implementation of control measures and for understanding the epidemiology and evolution of IBV. The S1 gene sequencing is used for IBV genotyping. Massachusetts, 793/B, QX, and IS-14194 IBV genotypes currently exist in Iranian poultry farms. This study aims to design an RFLP-based method to do genotyping and confirm of mentioned IBV genotypes. Materials and Methods: After amplification of parts of the S1 gene (RT-PCR), the PCR products treated with four enzymes (SfoI: Massachusetts, BtsCI: 793/B, MspI: IS-1494, and NruI: QX) and finally visualized on agarose gel electrophoresis. Results: Results showed 100 percent of the specificity of the newly designed method (in comparison with sequencing). Conclusions: This method can be used for primary confirmation and fast screening of Massachusetts, 793/B, QX, and IS-14194 IBV genotypes and even in local laboratories without the need for sequencing. http://journal.isv.org.ir/article-1-356-en.pdf 2019-11-27 19 24 Avian Infectious Bronchitis Iran RFLP Genotyping Vahid Karimi Vkarimi@ut.ac.ir 1 Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7815-5553 Arash Ghalyanchilangeroudi Arashghalyanchi@gmail.com 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4701-1132 Fatemeh Gholami jalalg77@yahoo.com 3 Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5513-8885 Masoud Hasehmzadeh hashemzadehma@gmail.com 4 RAZI Institute, Karaj, Iran AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8986-8719 AmirHossein Mohseni amirhossein_mohseni@hotmail.com 5 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5141-6263 Hossein Hosseini hosseini.ho@gmail.com 6 Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, Alborz, Iran AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8248-3979 Naser Sadri naser.sadri@ymail.com 7 Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5200-2820 Amir Modiri Hamdan 8 Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran AUTHOR

ORIGINAL_ARTICLE Background and Aims: Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) has a wide host range and no resistant commercial canola variety to this virus has been reported in Iran. The RNA silencing mechanism was applied to consider the possibility of improvement in resistance to TuMV in spring canola, RGS003 variety. Materials and Methods: To obtain an effective construct for silencing, based on the bioinformatics analysis, a fragment containing 130 conserved nucleotide sequences of the TuMV coat protein gene was gained as targeting candidate to produce sense, antisense and hairpin constructs and assessed for resistance efficiency in a transient expression system in Nicotiana benthamiana by agroinfiltration. The development of symptoms after virus inoculation revealed that the highest efficiency can be obtained by hairpin construct. Therefore, the hairpin construct was applied for the transformation of canola RGS003 via cotyledonary explants using Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404. In transgenic and non-transgenic canola plants, the infection and virus titer were assessed by ratio of detection via ELISA and real-time PCR. In addition, severity of disease symptoms was scored four weeks after inoculation with a TuMV isolate. Results: The results indicated 5-12 days delay in appearance of symptoms in transgenic plants and there was a decrease in severity of symptoms in contrast to non-transgenic plants. The increased virus concentration ratio in non-transgenic compared to transgenic plants was confirmed by qRT-PCR. The ELISA results confirmed the absence of infection on five out of six transformed plants 15 dpi. Conclusions: These preliminary results proved that transgenic canola plants containing hairpin of 130 nucleotide sequences of TuMV CP gene could resist against TuMV. http://journal.isv.org.ir/article-1-361-en.pdf 2019-11-27 25 33 Potyvirus Iran transgenic plants qRT-PCR Majid Jafari majafari59@yahoo.com 1 Plant Pathology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, PO Box 14115-336, Tehran, Iran AUTHOR Masoud Shams-bakhsh shamsbakhsh@modares.ac.ir 2 Plant Pathology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, PO Box 14115-336, Tehran, Iran AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2923-2668

OTHERS_CITABLE http://journal.isv.org.ir/article-1-349-en.pdf 2019-11-27 34 37 HIV AIDS Curcumin Treatment Masoud Keikha masoud.keykha90@gmail.com 1 Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran AUTHOR Kiarash Ghazvini ghazvinik@mums.ac.ir 2 Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran AUTHOR

OTHERS_CITABLE http://journal.isv.org.ir/article-1-350-en.pdf 2019-11-27 38 40 Masoud Keikha masoud.keykha90@gmail.com 1 Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran AUTHOR Mohsen Karbalaei karbalaeizm931@mums.ac.ir 2 Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran. AUTHOR

REVIEW_ARTICLE Bacteriophages are prokaryotic viruses, which multiply in bacteria and archaea. These viruses are important in transferring mobile genetic elements such as virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes to bacteria under a process called transduction. Although bacteriophages have long been addressed with their various medical applications, an exciting application of these viruses is linked to their infection treatment potential. Since antimicrobial resistance is rapidly extending in bacterial populations and no novel antibiotics have been introduced to the market in decades, alternative treatment protocols such as phage therapy must be further supported to secure the future of infection treatments. The present review molecularly introduces bacteriophages and their major applications. http://journal.isv.org.ir/article-1-352-en.pdf 2019-06-03 41 56 Bacteriophage ecology transduction infection alternative treatment Ramin Mazaheri Nezhad Fard r-mazaherinf@sina.tums.ac.ir 1 Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR