Background and Aims: Human adenoviruses (HAdV) are worldwide distributed pathogens that cause a variety of illnesses, including gastrointestinal infections. These viruses are considered as important pathogens in wastewater, reclamation, and reused water. We aimed to investigate the molecular prevalence and characterization of HAdV in wastewater samples as well as air samples of aeration tanks of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Tehran, Iran.
Materials and Methods: From November 2017 to April 2018, a total of 14 wastewater and 9 air samples were collected and analyzed for the presence of HAdV by an integrated cell culture/polymerase chain reaction (ICC/PCR) technique. The samples were collected from the Ekbatan WWTP in the west of Tehran. To capture bio-aerosols, a liquid impingement biosampler was used. Typing of HAdV was performed by sequencing analysis.
Results: Out of nine untreated wastewater samples, one sample (11.1%) was positive for the presence of HAdV cytopathic effect (CPE), while two (40.4%) of five treated wastewater samples were positive for the HAdV CPE. The results of PCR assay also showed that 44.4 % (four out of 9 samples) of the untreated wastewater and 60% (three out of 5 samples) of the treated wastewater samples were positive for HAdV genome. Regarding the air samples of aeration tanks, four (44.4%) of nine samples were positive for the presence of the HAdV genome. HAdV in the wastewater samples were type B (40%), type C (40%), and type D (20%) and all four positive air samples for HAdV were type C.
Conclusion: The human adenovirus detected in 50% of the wastewater and 44.44% of the air samples of the wastewater treatment plant of the Ekbatan, Tehran, Iran.

Background and Aims: It has been documented that in addition to the genetic susceptibility, environmental factors particularly viruses can also play an important role in the initiation or development of the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, findings from several epidemiological studies have shown conflicting results regarding the role of enteroviruses infections in this field of research. The purpose of the current study was to investigate a link between coxsackieviruses B3 and B4 infection and the development of T1D in children.
Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, 80 pediatric patients under 14 year of age with T1D and 80 non-diabetic children controls were enrolled between October 2017 to March 2018 from the Children's Medical Center in Tehran. Then, anti-GAD65 and anti-IA-2 autoantibodies were assessed in two groups using commercially available Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. IgG antibodies of both Coxsackieviruses B3 and B4 were also measured by direct ELISA kits.
Results: The mean anti-GAD65 antibody titer in CV B3+  samples was 4.26 ± 2.46 IU/mL,
and was slightly higher than that found in the CV B3-  samples with a mean titer of 3.62 ± 2.08 IU/mL (p = 0.22; 95% CI: -1.69 to 0.4). Also, the mean anti-IA-2 ELISA OD450 values in CV B3+ samples (0.260 ± 0.155) was similar with that of the CV B3- samples (0.260 ± 0.160) (p = 0.98; 95% CI: -0.079 to 0.077).
Conclusion: This study showed that the titer of autoantibodies in CVB3+ or CVB4+ samples were not significantly different compared to CVB- samples. The results of this study suggest that there is still a need for further investigations to prove the association of coxsackieviruses and diabetes.